I grew up in a small, rural town, in Oregon. My father is white, American-born. My mother is a first-generation immigrant from Laos. As a child, I had mixed feelings about my family. I had no concept of what “race” or “culture” was. All I knew was my family was different. After coming to know others like me, who identify as “mixed,” “biracial,” or “bicultural,” I have learned there are a few common issues we sometimes share. Here are common issues I see in clients:
· Code-switching
· Imposter syndrome
· Being exoticized/tokenized
· Internalized racism/shame
· Feeling lonely
Code-switching
If you’re not familiar with the term code-switching, it was first used to refer when people who speak more than one language or dialect alternate those languages or dialects within a conversation. Today, it has another meaning. Code-switching involves adjusting one’s style of speech, appearance, behavior, and expression in order to potentially fit in or gain acceptance from the dominant environment. For bicultural clients, this can look like adjusting the types of foods they bring to lunch at work or school, or changing their behavior when visiting extended family. Code-switching is adaptive on the one hand, but it can take a toll on a person’s mental health. The cognitive resources it takes to adjust one’s behavior, reduces authentic self-expression, and can contribute to exhaustion and burnout.
Imposter Syndrome
Growing up in a family made of two distinct cultures comes with gifts and challenges. You may feel you belong to both cultures and you also don’t quite belong to either. This can lead to some bicultural clients to develop feelings of being an imposter, what some refer to as imposter syndrome. These individuals describe a fear of not being an authentic member of a community or identity group.
Sometimes called cultural imposter syndrome, this phenomenon can take many forms but is common among members of marginalized communities who feel that they do not have the correct experiences or feelings to be counted as a member of those groups. Cultural imposter syndrome is not unusual among people who have mixed ethnic, racial, or cultural backgrounds and who are often made to feel that they do not belong in any of the communities to which they are connected. Some sufferers have claimed that imposter syndrome encourages them to work harder and improve, even at high levels of achievement. Most experts, however, believe that the stress, fear, and self-recrimination associated with imposter syndrome make it undesirable (Eldridge, Stephen. "imposter syndrome". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2024, ).
Being Exoticized or Tokenized
The New Oxford American Dictionary defines exoticize as a verb, meaning to portray (someone or something unfamiliar) as exotic or unusual; romanticize or glamorize. On the surface, this may not sound so bad. After all, what is so wrong with being romanticized or glamorized, right? Appearing “unfamiliar” or what some might describe as “ethnically ambiguous” lends to experiences of being exoticized by the dominant environment. In clients, this presents as experiences of frustration in dating, trying to make friends, and even when encountering complete strangers.
In dating, this can look like a bicultural woman becoming frustrated when yet another man confesses to being interested in her because she is “exotic.” For the woman, it can make her feel objectified and tokenized. Being culturally tokenized means being singled out because of being perceived as distinctly different or novel from the majority. It can make bicultural individuals feel further separated from those non-tokenized groups, leading to thoughts that they are going to be liked less or a little too much solely because they appear exotic.
This can also lead to association of stereotypes with a group a tokenized individual belongs to. For example, an east Asian woman stereotyped as submissive. The higher attention from others can lead to increase sense of pressure to defy any associated stereotypes or to prove one’s own merit. With those effects in mind, tokenism has a serious impact on an individual's mental health. For example, authors of a 2020 article mentioned the idea that tokenism has the potential to lead to depression, burnout, attrition (wearing away, feeling sapped, feeling harassed), and minority tax (basic concept that when you are one of the few racial/ethnic minorities you’ll be called upon more than others simply because someone who looks like you needs to have a seat at the table). (Ellis J, Otugo O, Landry A, Landry A. Interviewed while Black. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(25):2401-2404. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2023999).
Internalized Racism
As you can probably begin to see, these repetitive experiences in which bicultural individuals are singled out from the dominant environment can lead them to feel increasingly marginalized and oppressed. Internalized racism is a form of internalized oppression. In bicultural clients, this can look like a deep sense of shame and loneliness. They feel ashamed of their marginalized identity or even ashamed for being white. They may feel a deep loneliness when they feel they cannot share this with others. When clients suppress the shame, the unresolved, internal conflict can lead to depression.
Feeling Lonely
If a client’s parent was an immigrant it can bring up additional challenges. It is not uncommon for clients to report a lack of emotional support from their parent or family due to a cultural belief that mental health problems are shameful or the client should be grateful for the opportunities their parent has worked so hard to give them. Bicultural clients and clients who are second-generation immigrants (have at least one parent who is foreign born), may face pressure to achieve “the American Dream,” resulting in the felt inability to show any perceived weakness or vulnerability, in the fear it may upset their parent. This can contribute to a sense of isolation in the client.
It’s important for bicultural individuals to seek connections with friends or groups that value diversity and who can relate to their unique world views. This can feel incredibly affirming. Appearing ethnically ambiguous to others does not equal being less-than or too much. It has nothing to do with one’s value or worth as a person. Being bicultural provides individuals with the ability to see both sides, the shades of grey. They often have a unique ability to value and appreciate cultural differences and build community.
How Therapy Can Help
As someone who grew up in Oregon, it was hard finding a therapist who looked like me and could understand what it is like being bicultural. It comes with unique challenges that have a significant impact on your mental health and well-being. Navigating work, school, friendships, family, systems, and messages from society and media is a lot to process and deal with. As a therapist, I understand how important it is to recognize these challenges and provide culturally responsive care.
Therapy is empowering. It supports social justice because it provides a safe and supportive environment for you to explore your experiences, emotions, and reactions. By validating your experiences, you regain your sense of agency and control. Therapy also helps you identify and challenge oppressive systems and develop strategies to advocate for yourself and your communities. This contributes to greater social justice and equity by promoting the well-being and empowerment of marginalized individuals and communities. Contact me to schedule a free consultation to learn if therapy can help you.